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22 , 设A= [ 2 9 2 5 1 2 3 8 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 9 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} - 2 \\ - 5 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} 3 \\ 8 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack , 求一个4×2矩阵B , 使AB=O , 且R(B)=2

解: 设B按列分块为B=(b1 , b2) , 先分析b1 , b2具有的性质

因R(B)=2 , 故b1 , b2线性无关

又因AB=O,得A(b1 , b2)=(0 , 0),得Ab1=0且Ab2=0

得b1 , b2是方程Ax=0的解,并且这方程Ax=0的系数矩阵A的秩R(A)=2 ,

于是可知b1 , b2还是方程Ax=0的一个基础解系

A = [ 2 2 1 3 9 5 2 8 ] [ 1 1 1 2 3 2 9 5 2 8 ] [ 1 1 1 2 3 2 0 4 5 2 11 2 ] A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & - 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 9 & - 5 & 2 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} 1 & - 1 & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{3}{2} \\ 9 & - 5 & 2 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} 1 & - 1 & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{3}{2} \\ 0 & 4 & - \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{11}{2} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow

[ 1 1 1 2 3 2 0 1 5 8 11 8 ] [ 1 0 1 8 1 8 0 1 5 8 11 8 ] [ 1 0 1 8 1 8 0 1 5 8 11 8 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1 & - 1 & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{3}{2} \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{5}{8} & - \frac{11}{8} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{8} & \frac{1}{8} \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{5}{8} & - \frac{11}{8} \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{8} & \frac{1}{8} \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{5}{8} & - \frac{11}{8} \end{bmatrix}

得同解方程组: { x 1 1 8 x 3 + 1 8 x 4 = 0 x 2 5 8 x 3 11 8 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} - \frac{1}{8}x_{3} + \frac{1}{8}x_{4} = 0 \\ x_{2} - \frac{5}{8}x_{3} - \frac{11}{8}x_{4} = 0 \end{array} \right.\

得参数形式: { x 1 = 1 8 x 3 1 8 x 4 x 2 = 5 8 x 3 + 11 8 x 4 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} = \frac{1}{8}x_{3} - \frac{1}{8}x_{4} \\ x_{2} = \frac{5}{8}x_{3} + \frac{11}{8}x_{4} \end{array} \right.\ (x3 , x4可任意取值)

得参数形式: { x 1 = 1 8 c 1 1 8 c 2 x 2 = 5 8 c 1 + 11 8 c 2 x 3 = c 1 x 4 = c 2 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} = \frac{1}{8}c_{1} - \frac{1}{8}c_{2} \\ x_{2} = \frac{5}{8}c_{1} + \frac{11}{8}c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = c_{1}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ x_{4} = c_{2}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\ (其中x3=c1 , x4=c2 )

得齐次通解: [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = [ 1 8 c 1 1 8 c 2 5 8 c 1 + 11 8 c 2 c 1 c 2 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{8}c_{1} - \frac{1}{8}c_{2} \\ \frac{5}{8}c_{1} + \frac{11}{8}c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} c_{1} \\ \ c_{2} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = c 1 [ 1 8 5 8 1 0 ] c_{1}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{5}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack + c 2 [ 1 8 11 8 0 1 ] c_{2}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{- 1}{8} \\ \frac{11}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack (c1 , c2为任意实数)

得基础解系 ξ1= [ 1 8 5 8 1 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{5}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack , ξ2= [ 1 8 11 8 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{- 1}{8} \\ \frac{11}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

于是,令B=(b1 , b2)= [ 1 8 5 8 1 0 1 8 11 8 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{5}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{- 1}{8} \\ \frac{11}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack 就满足题目的要求

[ 2 9 2 5 1 2 3 8 ] [ 1 8 5 8 1 0 1 8 11 8 0 1 ] = [ 0 0 0 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 9 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} - 2 \\ - 5 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \ \begin{matrix} 3 \\ 8 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{5}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{- 1}{8} \\ \frac{11}{8} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}

23 , 求一个齐次线性方程组, 使它的基础解系为ξ1= [ 0 1 2 3 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack , ξ2= [ 3 2 1 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 3 \\ 2 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

解:由已知条件得

得齐次通解: [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = [ 3 c 2 c 1 + 2 c 2 2 c 1 + c 2 3 c 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 3c_{2} \\ c_{1} + 2c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2c_{1} + c_{2} \\ \ 3c_{1} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = c 1 [ 0 1 2 3 ] c_{1}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack + c 2 [ 3 2 1 0 ] c_{2}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 3 \\ 2 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack (c1 , c2为任意实数)

得参数形式: { x 1 = 3 c 2 x 2 = c 1 + 2 c 2 x 3 = 2 c 1 + c 2 x 4 = 3 c 1 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} = 3c_{2} \\ x_{2} = c_{1} + 2c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = 2c_{1} + c_{2}\ \\ x_{4} = 3c_{1}\ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\

得参数形式: { 1 3 x 1 = c 2 x 2 = c 1 + 2 c 2 x 3 = 2 c 1 + c 2 1 3 x 4 = c 1 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{3}x_{1} = c_{2} \\ x_{2} = c_{1} + 2c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = 2c_{1} + c_{2}\ \\ \frac{1}{3}x_{4} = c_{1}\ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\

得参数形式: { x 2 = 1 3 x 4 + 2 3 x 1 x 3 = 2 3 x 4 + 1 3 x 1 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{2} = \frac{1}{3}x_{4} + \frac{2}{3}x_{1} \\ x_{3} = \frac{2}{3}x_{4} + \frac{1}{3}x_{1} \end{matrix} \right.\

得同解方程组: { 2 3 x 1 + x 2 1 3 x 4 = 0 1 3 x 1 + x 3 2 3 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} - \frac{2}{3}x_{1} + x_{2} - \frac{1}{3}x_{4} = 0 \\ - \frac{1}{3}x_{1} + x_{3} - \frac{2}{3}x_{4} = 0 \end{array} \right.\

得同解方程组: { 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 x 4 = 0 x 1 + 3 x 3 2 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} - 2x_{1} + 3x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \\ - x_{1} + 3x_{3} - 2x_{4} = 0 \end{array} \right.\

24 , 设四元齐次线性方程组

Ⅰ: { x 1 + x 2 = 0 x 2 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} + x_{2} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \right.\ Ⅱ: { x 1 x 2 + x 3 = 0 x 2 x 3 + x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} - x_{2} + x_{3} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{3} + x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \right.\

求(1)方程组Ⅰ与Ⅱ的基础解系; (2) Ⅰ与Ⅱ的公共解

解:

一、方程组Ⅰ的基础解系

{ x 1 + x 2 = 0 x 2 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} + x_{2} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \right.\ [ 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack\ [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack

得同解方程组: { x 1 + x 4 = 0 x 2 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} + x_{4} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \end{array} \right.\

得参数形式: { x 1 = x 4 x 2 = x 4 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} = - x_{4} \\ x_{2} = x_{4} \end{array} \right.\ (x4可任意取值)

得参数形式: { x 1 = c 2 x 2 = c 2 x 3 = c 1 x 4 = c 2 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} = - c_{2} \\ x_{2} = c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = c_{1}\ \\ x_{4} = c_{2}\ \ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\ (其中x3=c1 , x4=c2 )

得通解: [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = [ c 2 c 2 c 1 c 2 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - c_{2} \\ c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} c_{1} \\ \ c_{2} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = c 1 [ 0 0 1 0 ] c_{1}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack + c 2 [ 1 1 0 1 ] c_{2}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack (c1 , c2为任意实数)

得基础解系 ξ1= [ 0 0 1 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack , ξ2= [ 1 1 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

二、方程组Ⅱ的基础解系

{ x 1 x 2 + x 3 = 0 x 2 x 3 + x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} - x_{2} + x_{3} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{3} + x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \right.\ [ 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack\ [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ - 1 \end{matrix}\ \ \ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \right\rbrack

得同解方程组: { x 1 + x 4 = 0 x 2 x 3 + x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} + x_{4} = 0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ x_{2} - x_{3} + x_{4} = 0 \end{array} \right.\

得参数形式: { x 1 = x 4 x 2 = x 3 x 4 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} x_{1} = - x_{4}\ \ \ \ \ \\ x_{2} = x_{3} - x_{4} \end{array} \right.\ (x3, x4可任意取值)

得参数形式: { x 1 = c 2 x 2 = c 1 c 2 x 3 = c 1 x 4 = c 2 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} = - c_{2}\ \ \ \ \\ x_{2} = c_{1} - c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = c_{1}\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ x_{4} = c_{2}\ \ \ \ \ \ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\ (其中x3=c1 , x4=c2 )

得通解: [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = [ c 2 c 1 c 2 c 1 c 2 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - c_{2} \\ c_{1} - c_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} c_{1} \\ \ c_{2} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = c 1 [ 0 1 1 0 ] c_{1}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack + c 2 [ 1 1 0 1 ] c_{2}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack (c1 , c2为任意实数)

得基础解系 ξ1= [ 0 1 1 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack , ξ2= [ 1 1 0 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

三、Ⅰ与Ⅱ的公共解

{ x 1 + x 2 = 0 x 2 x 4 = 0 x 1 x 2 + x 3 = 0 x 2 x 3 + x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} + x_{2} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{1} - x_{2} + x_{3} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{3} + x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\ [ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ] r [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack\overset{r}{\Rightarrow}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array}\ \ \ \ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} 1 \\ - 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} - 2 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

得同解方程组: { x 1 + x 4 = 0 x 2 x 4 = 0 x 3 2 x 4 = 0 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} + x_{4} = 0 \\ x_{2} - x_{4} = 0 \\ x_{3} - 2x_{4} = 0 \end{matrix} \right.\

得参数形式: { x 1 = x 4 x 2 = x 4 x 3 = 2 x 4 \left\{ \begin{matrix} x_{1} = - x_{4} \\ x_{2} = x_{4} \\ x_{3} = 2x_{4} \end{matrix} \right.\ ( x4可任意取值)

得参数形式: { x 1 = c x 2 = c x 3 = 2 c x 4 = c \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} = - c \\ x_{2} = c \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} = 2c \\ x_{4} = c\ \end{matrix} \end{array} \right.\ (其中x4=c )

得通解: [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack = c [ 1 1 2 1 ] c\left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack (c为任意实数)

得基础解系 ξ= [ 1 1 2 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack

于是Ⅰ与Ⅱ的公共解为x=k [ 1 1 2 1 ] \left\lbrack \begin{array}{r} \begin{matrix} - 1 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right\rbrack , k属于R

25 , 设n阶矩阵A满足A2=A , E为n阶单位矩阵 , 试证明R(A)+R(A-E)=n

证: 步骤一:证明R(A)+R(A-E)⩾n

根据矩阵秩的性质:

对于任意两个n阶矩阵M和N,有R(M)+R(N)⩾R(M+N)。

已知A+(E-A)=E,将M=A,N=E-A代入上述性质可得:

R(A)+R(E-A)⩾R(A+(E-A))=R(E)=n

又因为R(E-A)=R(-(A-E))=R(A-E),所以R(A)+R(A-E)⩾n

步骤二:证明R(A)+R(A-E)⩽n

已知A2=A , 移项可得A2-A=0,即A(A-E)=0。

根据矩阵秩的性质:

若AB=0(A是m×n矩阵,B是n×p矩阵),则R(A)+R(B)⩽n。

在A(A-E)=0中,A和A-E均为n阶矩阵,所以R(A)+R(A-E)⩽n

步骤三:得出结论

由步骤一可知R(A)+R(A-E)⩾n,由步骤二可知R(A)+R(A-E)⩽n,

根据夹逼定理可得R(A)+R(A-E)=n。

26 , 设A为n阶(n⩾2)矩阵 , A*为A的伴随矩阵 , 试证明

当R(A)=n时 , R(A*)=n ,

当R(A)=n-1时 , R(A*)=1,

当R(A)⩽n-2时 , R(A*)=0

证: 方法:利用核心恒等式+秩的乘法性质

情形1:当 R ( A ) = n R(A) = n 时( A A 满秩,可逆)

R ( A ) = n | A | 0 R(A) = n \Leftrightarrow |A| \neq 0 (可逆矩阵的充要条件)。

由核心恒等式 A A * = | A | E n AA^{\ast} = |A|E_{n} ,两边取行列式得 | A | | A * | = | A | n |A| \cdot |A^{\ast}| = |A|^{n}

| A | 0 |A| \neq 0 ,两边除以 | A | |A| | A * | = | A | n 1 0 |A^{\ast}| = |A|^{n - 1} \neq 0

A * A^{\ast} 可逆,因此 R ( A * ) = n R(A^{\ast}) = n

情形2:当 R ( A ) = n 1 R(A) = n - 1

第一步: R ( A ) = n 1 | A | = 0 R(A) = n - 1 \Leftrightarrow |A| = 0 (不可逆),

A A 存在非零的 n 1 n - 1 阶子式(秩的定义)。

非零的 n 1 n - 1 阶子式即为某个元素的余子式(或代数余子式),

A * A^{\ast} 中至少有一个元素非零,因此 R ( A * ) 1 R(A^{\ast}) \geq 1

第二步:由核心恒等式 A A * = | A | E n = O AA^{\ast} = |A|E_{n} = O (零矩阵)。

根据秩的性质:若 A B = O AB = O ,则 R ( A ) + R ( B ) n R(A) + R(B) \leq n

代入 R ( A ) = n 1 R(A) = n - 1 ,得 ( n 1 ) + R ( A * ) n R ( A * ) 1 (n - 1) + R(A^{\ast}) \leq n \Longrightarrow R(A^{\ast}) \leq 1

结合两步结果: R ( A * ) = 1 R(A^{\ast}) = 1

情形3:当 R ( A ) n 2 R(A) \leq n - 2

R ( A ) n 2 A R(A) \leq n - 2 \Leftrightarrow A 的所有 n 1 n - 1 阶子式全为0

(秩的定义:秩是最高非零子式的阶数)。

伴随矩阵 A * A^{\ast} 的元素全是 A A n 1 n - 1 阶代数余子式,

A * A^{\ast} 中所有元素均为0,即 A * = O A^{\ast} = O (零矩阵)。

零矩阵的秩为0,因此 R ( A * ) = 0 R(A^{\ast}) = 0

验证:

1.当 R ( A ) = n R(A) = n (即满秩)时, R ( A * ) = n R(A^{\ast}) = n

例: A = [ 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 ] , d e t ( A ) = 6 0 A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 \end{bmatrix},\quad det(A) = 6 \neq 0 R ( A ) = 3 R(A) = 3

A * = [ 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 ] T = [ 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 ] A^{\ast} = \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}^{T} = \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix} R ( A * ) = 3 R(A^{\ast}) = 3

验证成立: R ( A ) = 3 R(A) = 3 R ( A * ) = 3 R(A^{\ast}) = 3

2.当 R ( A ) = n 1 R(A) = n - 1 时, R ( A * ) = 1 R(A^{\ast}) = 1

例: A = [ 1 2 3 2 4 6 0 1 1 ] A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} R ( A ) = R(A) = 2

A * = [ 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 ] T = [ 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 ] A^{\ast} = \begin{bmatrix} - 2 & - 2 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{T} = \begin{bmatrix} - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & - 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} R ( A * ) = 1 R(A^{\ast}) = 1

验证成立: R ( A ) = 2 R(A) = 2 R ( A * ) = 1 R(A^{\ast}) = 1 .

3.当 R ( A ) n 2 R(A) \leq n - 2 时, R ( A * ) = 0 R(A^{\ast}) = 0

例: A = [ 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9 ] A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 3 & 6 & 9 \end{bmatrix} R ( A ) = 3 2 = 1 R(A) = 3 - 2 = 1

A * = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] A^{\ast} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} R ( A * ) = 0 R(A^{\ast}) = 0

验证成立: R ( A ) = 1 1 R(A) = 1 \leq 1 (即 n 2 = 1 n - 2 = 1 )时 R ( A * ) = 0 R(A^{\ast}) = 0 .